A Molybdenum Disulfide Piezoelectric Strain Gauge in Nanotechnology

Question: Explain the construction and operation of the eight transducers/sensors . Include a diagram for each, and explain how the measurement is converted into an electrical signal? Answer: Strain Gauge A strain gauge consists of all the flexible insulation which back-up to support the pattern of metallic foil. There has been a gauge which is attached to all the objects with a proper adhesive like cyanoacrylate. With deformation, the foil is completely deformed, which cause the resistance to change completely. The measure is done with the Wheatstone bridge, relating to the strains by a certain quantity which is said to be the gauging factor. Piezoelectric It has been working on the piezoelectric effect which can easily work on measuring the pressure change, acceleration, temperature, force, and strain by properly converting them into a charge of electricity. These are under the operational modes namely: Transverse Longitudinal Shear. Capacitive All the transducer of the capacitor with two parallel plates of metal have been separated with air and so they are said to be the dielectric material. In this, there is a capacitor which sets the distance between the plates, fixes, with a variable capacitance, variable between the two plates. Ultrasonic Active ultrasonic sensors are successful in generating a very high frequency for the sound waves which is evaluated by the echo and comes back by the sensors to measure the interval of time in the sending and the signal receiving time. The echo has been determined by the distance of the objects. All the ultrasonic passive sensors are completely based on the microphones which can easily detect the noise of the ultrasonic waves under the conditions to convert into electrical and report it to the computer system. Vortex The vortices has been completely detached from all the bluff body edges and have been forming into a fluid stream pattern. There have been distances set under the single vortices which is seen to be constant. All the changes in the frequency is depending upon the flow to pass a sensor which depends on the flowing rate as well the proportional flow. There has been a detection of sensor which can be easily converted into the frequency signal of electrical range. Coriolis Coriolis mass flowmeters have been able to properly measure the different forces which are set under the acceleration caused to handle the moving of mass towards or away from the center of rotation. All the amounts have been set under the twists which are said to be proportional to the flowing mass rate with the fluid passing through the tubes. There are sensors and a mass of Cariolis mass flowmeter which can easily transmit with the twists and the flow of signals. Resistance The resistances measures the temperature, which correlated to the elements of RTD along with temperature. There have been certain pure material, platinum, nickel and copper which has a complete change on temperature with the resistance. This is a predicted change for determining the temperature. Thermocouple It consists of different conductors which have been formed under the junctions of electrical form for different temperature. A thermocouple is able to product the temperature which is dependent on the voltage which is set under the thermoelectric effect to properly measure the temperature change. Strain Gauge It is used in the measurement of the building, foundation and development of structures. The different two halves are rigidly attaches with the foundation wall on the two sides and have been set under the red reference lines which consists of the transparent half and the other is the opaque white half. These have been able to set on the vertical and the horizontal movements for monitoring. Piezoelectric In this, these have been used to properly monitor the combustion and the development of the internal combustion engine. There have been sensors which attach to the mounts to additional handle the holes into head of cylinder and work towards the glowing plug, which is properly equipped with a miniature piezoelectric sensor, built inside. Capacitive Capacitive displacement sensors are used in the measurement of the object positioning to handle the nanometre level. There are precise positioning to conduct the semiconductor industry where there are wafers of silicon positioned under exposure. Ultrasonic Ultrasonic sensors have been used for the car parking to complete aid from reversing the cars. These are being tested under the different usages which includes the people detection of the ultrasonic along with assistance with the autonomous UAV navigation. Vortex In automotive applications, a complete change in the density of air works on changing temperature, altitude and the induction which is forced to handle the flow of mass which are appropriate for the flow sensors. It is important for properly determining the intake air for every cylinder. Coriolis The industries have been set under the higher to lower level sunder the chemical, food and beverage system. The mining and metals with the supply of the water and wastewater are worked under with proper quantity. Resistance Applications for the RTDs include There has been air conditioning and the service refrigeration The processing of food Grilling and stoves. Production of textile and processing plastics. Thermocouple Thermocouples have been properly used in the development of science and industry under the applications which measure the kilns, turbine gas exhaust with the diesel engines and processing the industrial changes. The signal conditioning has been based on the manipulation of the analog signal which are easily able to measure the requirement for processing. The conditioning is based on amplifications, filtering and properly converting the matching range with isolation and other processes. The conditioning, utilized under the data acquisition sets the data signals which could be normalized and work on the levels of filtering for converting from analog-to-digital flow of computerized devices. The entire transmission medium is based on the classification of: Linear medium, which is completely different under the waves with the medium that can be completely superposed. Bounded medium, works on finitely handling the unbounded medium; Uniform medium or homogeneous medium, is important for setting the physical properties with the unchanging points. Isotropic medium, with the physical properties difference at different direction. References: Hurst, A. M., Chenet, D., van der Zande, A., Kymissis, I., Hone, J. (2015, July). A molybdenum disulfide piezoelectric strain gauge. InNanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on(pp. 1122-1125). IEEE. Jain, R., Rathore, J. K., Gorana, V. K. (2016). Design, Development and Testing of a Three Component Lathe Tool Dynamometer Using Resistance Strain Gauges. InCAD/CAM, Robotics and Factories of the Future(pp. 13-21). Springer India. Islam, M. N., Seethaler, R., Alam, M. S. (2015). Characterization of piezoelectric materials for simultaneous strain and temperature sensing for ultra-low frequency applications.Smart Materials and Structures,24(8), 085019. Merrell, A. J., Fullwood, D. T., Bowden, A. E., Remington, T. D. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,984,954. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.