Copyright Laws :: essays papers

Copyright Laws CHAPTER 1 Lennie and George are two friends during the depression. Lennie is a big guy that is not very intelligent. George is a medium size man that takes care of all the business. In the first chapter George and Lennie talk about getting a new job at a ranch. They want to save enough money to build their own ranch and â€Å"Live off tha fatt a the land.† They explain that they will have bunnies, alfalfa, and other goods to sell. CHAPTER 2 George and Lennie get the new job in chapter two. They meet the people they will be working with. Candy is an old man that has a dog. Slim is a respected man. Curley is the boss’s son who is small and used to box. Curley is also a jealous man who has a wife. Curley’s wife is known as a tart. She talks to all of the guys even when she shouldn’t. Crooks is a black man, the stable buck who isn’t aloud to be by the white people much. This chapter is mainly about George and Lennie meeting all of the new co-workers. CHAPTER 3 All of the guys on the ranch think Candy should get rid of his dog. The dog is old, stinky, and can’t even walk or eat. Slim tells Candy that the dog should be shot for his own good. Slim shoots the dog. Curley and Lennie get into a fight. Lennie doesn’t really understand why. Curly wants to fight. Curley is a jealous man and hates the fact that Lennie is bigger than him. Lennie blocks a punch from Curley and broke his hand. Lennie also got a new puppy in chapter three. Lennie spends as much time as he can with his new dog. CHAPTER 4 All of the men went to the whore house except for Lennie, Crooks, and Candy. When Lennie went to check on his puppy, he decided to talk to Crooks in his room. Crooks’ room was part of the stable. There were shoes, hay, horse reins, and horse shoes everywhere. Crooks didn’t really want Lennie to come inside, but he thought some company was better than none. Curley’s wife came to see what was up. Crooks told her to leave. Curley’s wife was mean and told Crooks that she would have him hung if he wasn’t nice to her. Copyright Laws :: essays papers Copyright Laws CHAPTER 1 Lennie and George are two friends during the depression. Lennie is a big guy that is not very intelligent. George is a medium size man that takes care of all the business. In the first chapter George and Lennie talk about getting a new job at a ranch. They want to save enough money to build their own ranch and â€Å"Live off tha fatt a the land.† They explain that they will have bunnies, alfalfa, and other goods to sell. CHAPTER 2 George and Lennie get the new job in chapter two. They meet the people they will be working with. Candy is an old man that has a dog. Slim is a respected man. Curley is the boss’s son who is small and used to box. Curley is also a jealous man who has a wife. Curley’s wife is known as a tart. She talks to all of the guys even when she shouldn’t. Crooks is a black man, the stable buck who isn’t aloud to be by the white people much. This chapter is mainly about George and Lennie meeting all of the new co-workers. CHAPTER 3 All of the guys on the ranch think Candy should get rid of his dog. The dog is old, stinky, and can’t even walk or eat. Slim tells Candy that the dog should be shot for his own good. Slim shoots the dog. Curley and Lennie get into a fight. Lennie doesn’t really understand why. Curly wants to fight. Curley is a jealous man and hates the fact that Lennie is bigger than him. Lennie blocks a punch from Curley and broke his hand. Lennie also got a new puppy in chapter three. Lennie spends as much time as he can with his new dog. CHAPTER 4 All of the men went to the whore house except for Lennie, Crooks, and Candy. When Lennie went to check on his puppy, he decided to talk to Crooks in his room. Crooks’ room was part of the stable. There were shoes, hay, horse reins, and horse shoes everywhere. Crooks didn’t really want Lennie to come inside, but he thought some company was better than none. Curley’s wife came to see what was up. Crooks told her to leave. Curley’s wife was mean and told Crooks that she would have him hung if he wasn’t nice to her.

English Films Essay

It was an unpromising period for the British film industry, the World War II (WWI). With its outburst on the third of September 1939, â€Å"all cinemas in Britain, along with other such venues as theatres and sports arenas, were closed† 5. However, when the cinemas reopened and the films started to reproduce, some of the notable works were that of McAllister and Jennings. McAllister was viewed to have â€Å"symbolic† approach while Jennings was â€Å"articulating a robust Socialist patriotism, a full-blooded love of England and the English centred on an unashamed admiration for the qualities of the common man,† 6 a very suitable theme during those periods. During the phase approaching 1960s however, English films portraying the â€Å"English working life† 7 in a realistic approach started some production and popularity. Currently, what suits the public and what satisfies them are films related to society, politics and culture: the three common aspects of humanity where anyone can almost relate with. One satirical and famous English celebrity for this is Mike Leigh. What does the aforementioned themes in the film production suggest? This means that a film must coincide with events and societal demands as well as the requirements of regulatory bodies behind it. At present in Great Britain, English films must be approved by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) which is an independent, non-governmental body responsible for classification of cinema films beginning 1912 and the regulation of videos since the Video Recordings Act passage in 1984 8. Some of the rules administered by the Board is to ensure that violence, crime, foul nature, criminal behaviour, illegal drugs, horror and sex, as well as videos teaching criminal techniques in the films are closely examined and must not be shown to inappropriate audiences, especially to the children as mandated by various legislations the likes of Obscene Publications Act or the Protection of Children Act 9. In the past three years, 2005 until last year, the Board has made seven, ten and five cuts, respectively, on all the movies that passed through the inspection. 10 Aside from the previously mentioned set of rules and regulations for the films, another thing that must be well thought-out before producing films are the subjects that the national government is promoting and supporting, or, in another case, what that government is banning. This is obvious as what the government wants (or does not want) to be shown in public, thus they subsidize and/or reduce taxes for some films while others are not shown at all. In fact, government tactics in film propaganda was already rampant since the WWII to support what they want to convey such as the production in 1941 of â€Å"The Big Blockade, a feature-length propaganda film dramatizing the activities of the Ministry of Economic Warfare (MEW),† 11 a peculiar film, mixing stylized reconstructions of life in Europe, newsreel, and a barrage of information on the vital importance of MEW, At present the British government has the UK Film Council to support the production of films the government encourages. There are eight kinds of funds available for the program such as development fund, new cinema, festival, international festival sales and support, premiere, prints and advertising, short film completion and film publication fund. 12 In a way to promote the national lottery together with the films it funds, the UK Film council was created and it is funded from national lottery funds. It is currently the richest funding film body with approximately 38 million sterling pounds in budget. 13

Database Management System For A Company - 1660 Words

A research database management system (RDBMS) is the most used database management system for a company. Its roots date back to 1970, created by E.F. Codd at IBM. The database approach involves the storage of data involving tables. Attributes of the tables involve rows, used as a record of an entity. Columns, also attributes of the table, determine what will be recorded for that field. Within a table one primary key will be found, this represents a unique column of the table. A table may also have a foreign key, there can be more than one, and it identifies a primary key of another table. Foreign keys allow for relationships between tables to be created. The RDBMS is so widely used because of its simplicity to understand relationships between data. The data can also be analyzed in many ways using queries, reports, etc. A database management system covers all functions of the business and is essential for businesses to be run efficiently. Since the introduction of this time of database management system in 1970 it has triumphed many former types of widely used databases and fended off new types of databases to remain the most common type. Times have changed in the information technology world since 1970 when IBM was running the show and leading the world with improving and introducing new technology. I believe the top five most used RDBMS used in the market today are Oracle, Microsoft SQL server, IBM DB2, MySQL and PostgreSQL. Oracle database had its firstShow MoreRelatedDescription Of A Database Management System999 Words   |  4 Pages A database is a collection of information sequenced and organized in such a way that the computer may be able to source and access it on demand by the operator. Like any other management system, a database management system is a collection of programs and protocols that enable the user to enter, sequence, organize, retrieve and select data on demand. Thus, a database management system (abbreviated as DBMS) can be defined as the cumulated system that helps the user to access and make effective useRead MoreDatabases in My Organization992 Words   |  4 PagesDatabases in My Organization CIS319: Computers and Information Systems Abstract Databases have been in use since the early days of computing programs. An Information Technology services company, such as Getronics, not only utilizes databases for information and record management, it earns revenue by providing database management services. Getronics uses Microsoft SQL Server 2000 as its database software. The clients that contract Getronics for Information Technology services rely andRead MoreAbstract:. With The Development Of The Business, The Competitive1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe competitive between the company is become more and more fierce. Customer relationship is one of the most important for every company. which company have a good relationship it will have advantage of the competitive. Customer relationship management system as a new technology was used in the company. this essay is talk about the different part and the function of the customer relationship management system, introduce the product of customer relationship management system and also t alk about the practicalRead MoreUse of Database Management Systems to Meet Business Needs.1421 Words   |  6 PagesUse of database management systems to meet business needs. Submitted By: Course Title: Strategic Planning for Database Systems Date: Introduction Globalization and increased speed in business intensify competition, and most firms need to continuously innovate to ensure long term competitiveness. (Bjork and Magnusson, 2009) In the last couple of years business has seen huge transformations from the way it is conducted. Any small business may eventually grow into a bigger one or mayRead MoreA Video Rental Store977 Words   |  4 Pagesconsists of over twenty thousand DVD and VHS videos covering fifteen different genres. Their customer base is over one thousand and the store grosses over thirty thousand dollars monthly. The business currently runs on a pen and paper inventory management systems. Customer video checkouts and check-ins are logged in a notebook ledger. The customer is given a membership ID cards when they register. The ID cards contains a sequential ID number and the customers basic information such as name, address andRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Data Stored Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesHistory Data has always been analyzed within companies and used to help benefit the future of businesses. However, the evolution of how the data stored, combined, analyzed and used to predict the pattern and tendencies of consumers has evolved as technology has seen numerous advancements throughout the past century. In the 1900s databases began as â€Å"computer hard disks† and in 1965, after many other discoveries including voice recognition, â€Å"the US Government plans the world’s first data center toRead MoreTechnology Is All Around Us1552 Words   |  7 Pagesfacts of information used usually to calculate, analyze, or plan something. Data is being collected almost everywhere and anywhere; students, teachers, businesses, scientist, bankers, car salesmen, just to name a few, all collect data. Database management systems were created to manage and store the data so it is accessible to the user. Huge amounts of data are being obtained regarding people, products, and activities. This can include a store’s inventory, employees, and purchases, or song titlesRead MoreEssay on Databases968 Words   |  4 Pages Databases in My Organization Abstract nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Databases have been in use since the early days of computing programs. An Information Technology services company, such as Getronics, not only utilizes databases for information and record management, it earns revenue by providing database management services. Getronics uses Microsoft SQL Server 2000 as its database software. The clients that contract Getronics for Information Technology services rely and depend on the accuracyRead MoreRelational Database Management System ( Rdbms )996 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluation of how Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) can be applied to improve organization and business effectiveness. The method of analysis includes basic information of Relational Database Management System and reference of how database management can bring positive improvement on manage small or large amount of information in the organization. Also, include a brief information of business those are successful in their field’s thanks of the application of database system in their organizationsRead MoreRelational Database Concepts and Applications: Research Paper669 Words   |  3 PagesRelational Database Concepts and Applications Professor Kevin W†¦.. By Bob Bobson March 7, 2014 Introduction In order to successfully transition from our current paper and email based equipment request method to a completely paperless online system, we must build and implement a relational database. A relational database will allow us to store, filter, make changes to, and share of the data that is needed in our new online equipment ordering system. Relational Database Overview

Latin American Of The United States - 1426 Words

Online source, Diffen.com denotes that the term Hispanic is derived from the Latin word for Spain, while Latino is derived from Spanish word for Latin but which as an English word is probably a shortening of the Spanish word latinoamericano, which in English means Latin American. This term is used to denote the culture and people of countries formerly ruled by the Spanish Empire, usually with a majority of the population speaking the Spanish language (www.diffen.com). Commonly known as Hispanic America, this definition includes Mexico, the greater part of the Central and South American countries, and most of the Greater Antilles. The nations previously connected to the Spanish East Indies are sometimes freely incorporated in this definition, as their cultures have some Spanish or Latin American essentials. It was first adopted by the United States government during the Nixon administration and has been used in the U.S. Census since 1980 (WordIQ.com, 2015). The term Hispanic is to a great extent broadly and frequently used in states like Florida and Texas. Although both terms are used interchangeably, there is a difference between Hispanic and Latino. Hispanic is a term that originally referred to a relationship to ancient Hispania. Now it relates to the contemporary nation of Spain, its history, and culture. A citizen of Spain residing in the United States is a Hispanic. Latino refers more exclusively to persons or communities of Latin American origin. While there isShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Latin American Relations1377 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States has been a heavily involved in Latin American affairs for a long time, and there is great controversy surrounding how good of a neighbor we have been. As the â€Å"Colossus of the North†, this country holds enormous power. The question is; have we used our power for good or for evil? At times, we have been generous to Latin American countries. We returned the Pa nama Canal to the Panamanians and created free trade with Mexico through NAFTA. However, the negative impact we have had outweighsRead MoreWhat is the experience of a Latin American immigrant in the United States?1932 Words   |  8 PagesHave you ever wondered why Latin immigrants come to the U.S.? Do they have any experience with any jobs? Why is the population of Latin immigrants increasing? Many Latin immigrants have moved into the United States which means the Latin Americans population of the immigrant in the United States is increasing. â€Å"The Mexican-born population in the U.S., which had been growing earlier in the decade, was 11.5 million in early 2009† (Passel Cohn 2009) they have come from different countries, such asRead MoreWhat Effect Did The Good Neighbor Have On The Relations Between The United States And Latin American Countries From1116 Words   |  5 Pagesthe United States and Latin American countries from 1933 to 1939. After decades of American imp erialism in Latin American nations, Franklin Roosevelt wanted to reduce American influence and improve relations. Before this, the American government effectively controlled Latin America with a series of puppet dictatorships that supported American interests in the region. As a result, Anti American sentiment was becoming very intense and violent. The Good Neighbor policies improved inter American relationsRead MoreThe Policies Of The United States During The Period912 Words   |  4 PagesThe policies of the United States during the period 1898-1936 regarding latin america can be broadly covered in phases; the first phase: Big Stick Diplomacy 1898- 1909, the second phase known as Dollar Diplomacy from 1909- 1913, the third phase called missionary diplomacy from 1913- 1921 and finally the fourth phase known and the good neighbor policy 1933- 1936. These four policies had a great impact on not only the landscape of latin america but on the future of the United States in the region. StartingRead More Latin America Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesLatin America Distinguishing cultures from one another has become increasingly difficult as various societies continue to intertwine and share their aspects of popular life. Constant exposure to US and other world cultures has changed the cultures of Latin American countries somewhat, but much of society remains unchanged. Moving to the United States from Latin America alters life a great deal, and keeping touch with one’s original culture may sometimes seem unimportant or simply impossibleRead More US-Latin America Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the United States was the most dominant power in the Western Hemisphere. European nations conceded to the United States their right of any intervention in the Western Hemisphere and allowed the United States to do whatever they wanted. The United States took this newly bestowed power and abused it. The United States intervened in many Latin American countries and imposed their policies on to these countries against their will. A perfect exampleRead MoreEssay The Good Neighbor Policy1074 Words   |  5 Pagesof non-intervention between the United States and Latin America. This was the United States’ attempt to regain trust and economic relations with Latin America. The Good Neighbor Policy had good intentions of no longer intervening with Latin American policies and governments. During the 1930’s, the Great Depression effected the U.S. and Latin American nations. After the stock market crash the U.S. went through an economic depression which would in turn affect Latin America. President Franklin D.Read MoreUS Foreign Policy During the 20th Century797 Words   |  4 PagesOver the course of the history of the United States, specific foreign policies have affected the methods in which the U.S. involves itself around the globe. Specifically, certain policies have affected U.S. involvement in Latin America. It is the intention of this essay to explain the United States foreign policy behind specific doctrines. In order to realize current objectives, this paper will proceed as follows: Part 1 will define the Monroe Doctrine, Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 will concurrentlyRead More Training Ground For Murderers Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesofficers responsible for the massacre were American trained guerillas and attendees of a Latin American military school located in Fort Benning, Georgia; the School of the Americas (Barber 144). Since its creation in 1946, the American government has provided extensive training for over 58,000 soldiers from seventeen different Latin American and Caribbean nations (Brophy 1; â€Å"School of the Americas† 3-4). Principally, the school was created to support Latin American militaries in their attempt to establishRead MoreThe United States And Latin America1362 Words   |  6 PagesWhen looking at the history between the United States and Latin America , you see many interactions between them, all that aided the relationship that they have today. Despite that the United States and Latin America are in the same part of the world, the beliefs in which they govern may differ. This difference has often been seen playing a major role in the disputes that have occurred in past. The United States and Latin America have faced many social, economical and governing barriers in forming

compacing Facing it and Dulce et Decorum Essay - 1482 Words

â€Å"Facing it† by Yusef Komunyakaa and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen, are two powerful poems with the graphical life like images on the reality of war. It is apparent that the authors was a soldier who experienced some of the most gruesome images of World War I. In â€Å"Ducle et Decorum Est† Owen tells us about a personal experience in which he survived a chemical warfare attack. Although he survives, some of his fellow troops do not. As in â€Å"Facing It† Komunyakaa is also a soldier who has survived a war. Komunyakaa response to his war experience is deeply shaped by his visit to Lin’s memorial. Inspired by the monument, Komunyakaa confronts his conflicted feelings about Vietnam, its legacy, and even more broadly, the part race plays in†¦show more content†¦He struggles to internalize his emotions, telling himself he is stone, like the granite memorial, a strong and steady reminder of the past, but he fails as he realize s the difference between him and the memorial: he is a living human being. He shares the darkness, the blackness, with the granite memorial, yet he can feel the full impact of this connection whereas a granite memorial cannot itself feel the pain that it directly represents. The overall moral of the poems is fairly up front for the reader. It is that war is not how stories make it sound, it is not honorable and fun and glorious, it is gruesome, deadly, and changes the lives of many young men and women who still had a lot of life and innocence left in front of them, and now all they will have are the memories of death and their friends dying in front of them. As Komuyakaa face becomes clear it now serves as a direct reminder of the emotional impact of his surroundings upon him, through mirroring his own face and also by simultaneously illuminating his surroundings and his silhouetted existence within these surroundings, reminding him that he stands within the Vietnam Memorial. This e ffect is described within the (lines 8-13) His constant turning and moving from angle to angle also suggests emotion as he cannot view the

A Molybdenum Disulfide Piezoelectric Strain Gauge in Nanotechnology

Question: Explain the construction and operation of the eight transducers/sensors . Include a diagram for each, and explain how the measurement is converted into an electrical signal? Answer: Strain Gauge A strain gauge consists of all the flexible insulation which back-up to support the pattern of metallic foil. There has been a gauge which is attached to all the objects with a proper adhesive like cyanoacrylate. With deformation, the foil is completely deformed, which cause the resistance to change completely. The measure is done with the Wheatstone bridge, relating to the strains by a certain quantity which is said to be the gauging factor. Piezoelectric It has been working on the piezoelectric effect which can easily work on measuring the pressure change, acceleration, temperature, force, and strain by properly converting them into a charge of electricity. These are under the operational modes namely: Transverse Longitudinal Shear. Capacitive All the transducer of the capacitor with two parallel plates of metal have been separated with air and so they are said to be the dielectric material. In this, there is a capacitor which sets the distance between the plates, fixes, with a variable capacitance, variable between the two plates. Ultrasonic Active ultrasonic sensors are successful in generating a very high frequency for the sound waves which is evaluated by the echo and comes back by the sensors to measure the interval of time in the sending and the signal receiving time. The echo has been determined by the distance of the objects. All the ultrasonic passive sensors are completely based on the microphones which can easily detect the noise of the ultrasonic waves under the conditions to convert into electrical and report it to the computer system. Vortex The vortices has been completely detached from all the bluff body edges and have been forming into a fluid stream pattern. There have been distances set under the single vortices which is seen to be constant. All the changes in the frequency is depending upon the flow to pass a sensor which depends on the flowing rate as well the proportional flow. There has been a detection of sensor which can be easily converted into the frequency signal of electrical range. Coriolis Coriolis mass flowmeters have been able to properly measure the different forces which are set under the acceleration caused to handle the moving of mass towards or away from the center of rotation. All the amounts have been set under the twists which are said to be proportional to the flowing mass rate with the fluid passing through the tubes. There are sensors and a mass of Cariolis mass flowmeter which can easily transmit with the twists and the flow of signals. Resistance The resistances measures the temperature, which correlated to the elements of RTD along with temperature. There have been certain pure material, platinum, nickel and copper which has a complete change on temperature with the resistance. This is a predicted change for determining the temperature. Thermocouple It consists of different conductors which have been formed under the junctions of electrical form for different temperature. A thermocouple is able to product the temperature which is dependent on the voltage which is set under the thermoelectric effect to properly measure the temperature change. Strain Gauge It is used in the measurement of the building, foundation and development of structures. The different two halves are rigidly attaches with the foundation wall on the two sides and have been set under the red reference lines which consists of the transparent half and the other is the opaque white half. These have been able to set on the vertical and the horizontal movements for monitoring. Piezoelectric In this, these have been used to properly monitor the combustion and the development of the internal combustion engine. There have been sensors which attach to the mounts to additional handle the holes into head of cylinder and work towards the glowing plug, which is properly equipped with a miniature piezoelectric sensor, built inside. Capacitive Capacitive displacement sensors are used in the measurement of the object positioning to handle the nanometre level. There are precise positioning to conduct the semiconductor industry where there are wafers of silicon positioned under exposure. Ultrasonic Ultrasonic sensors have been used for the car parking to complete aid from reversing the cars. These are being tested under the different usages which includes the people detection of the ultrasonic along with assistance with the autonomous UAV navigation. Vortex In automotive applications, a complete change in the density of air works on changing temperature, altitude and the induction which is forced to handle the flow of mass which are appropriate for the flow sensors. It is important for properly determining the intake air for every cylinder. Coriolis The industries have been set under the higher to lower level sunder the chemical, food and beverage system. The mining and metals with the supply of the water and wastewater are worked under with proper quantity. Resistance Applications for the RTDs include There has been air conditioning and the service refrigeration The processing of food Grilling and stoves. Production of textile and processing plastics. Thermocouple Thermocouples have been properly used in the development of science and industry under the applications which measure the kilns, turbine gas exhaust with the diesel engines and processing the industrial changes. The signal conditioning has been based on the manipulation of the analog signal which are easily able to measure the requirement for processing. The conditioning is based on amplifications, filtering and properly converting the matching range with isolation and other processes. The conditioning, utilized under the data acquisition sets the data signals which could be normalized and work on the levels of filtering for converting from analog-to-digital flow of computerized devices. The entire transmission medium is based on the classification of: Linear medium, which is completely different under the waves with the medium that can be completely superposed. Bounded medium, works on finitely handling the unbounded medium; Uniform medium or homogeneous medium, is important for setting the physical properties with the unchanging points. Isotropic medium, with the physical properties difference at different direction. References: Hurst, A. M., Chenet, D., van der Zande, A., Kymissis, I., Hone, J. (2015, July). A molybdenum disulfide piezoelectric strain gauge. InNanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on(pp. 1122-1125). IEEE. Jain, R., Rathore, J. K., Gorana, V. K. (2016). Design, Development and Testing of a Three Component Lathe Tool Dynamometer Using Resistance Strain Gauges. InCAD/CAM, Robotics and Factories of the Future(pp. 13-21). Springer India. Islam, M. N., Seethaler, R., Alam, M. S. (2015). Characterization of piezoelectric materials for simultaneous strain and temperature sensing for ultra-low frequency applications.Smart Materials and Structures,24(8), 085019. Merrell, A. J., Fullwood, D. T., Bowden, A. E., Remington, T. D. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,984,954. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Lyme Disease Essays (1204 words) - Medicine, Clinical Medicine, RTT

Lyme Disease Lyme Disease Lyme Arthritis ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder characterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growing red area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder may be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or joint abnormalities. Symptomatology ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known as erythema chronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a red discoloration (macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skin lesion usually appears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially the thigh, buttock or the under arm. This spot expands, often with central clearing, to a diameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately 25% of patients with Lyme disease report having been bitten at that site by a tiny tick 3 to 32 days before onset of ECM. The lesion may be warm to touch. Soon after onset nearly half the patients develop multiple smaller lesions without hardened centers. ECM generally lasts for a few weeks. Other types of lesions may subsequently appear during resolution. Former skin lesions may reappear faintly, sometimes before recurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesions of the mucous membranes do not occur in Lyme disease. The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by a few days, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache and stiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea, vomiting, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen may also be present. Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing, but malaise and fatigue may linger for weeks. Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM, occurring within weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as 2 years. Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints (polyarthritis) without joint swelling may occur. Later, longer attacks of swelling and pain in several large joints, especially the knees, typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are much more swollen than painful; they are often hot, but rarely red. Baker's cysts (a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture. Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue and low-grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks of arthritis. About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement (i.e. unremittent for 6 months or longer). Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks to months following onset of ECM, often before arthritis occurs. These abnormalities commonly last for months, and usually resolve completely. They include: 1. lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis 2. jerky involuntary movements (chorea) 3. failure of muscle coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum (cerebellar ataxia) 4. cranial neuritis including Bell's palsy (a form of facial paralysis) 5. motor and sensory radiculo-neuritis (symmetric weakness, pain, strange sensations in the extremities, usually occurring first in the legs) 6. injury to single nerves causing diminished nerve response (mononeuritis multiplex) 7. inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis). Abnormalities in the heart muscle (myocardium) occur in approximately 8% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks of ECM. They may include fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block and, less commonly, inflammation of the heart sack and heart muscle (myopericarditis) with reduced blood volume ejected from the left ventricle and an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly). When Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, the fetus may or may not be adversely affected, or may contract congenital Lyme Disease. In a study of nineteen pregnant women with Lyme Disease, fourteen had normal pregnancies and normal babies. If Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, possible fetal abnormalities and premature birth can occur. Etiology ~~~~~~~~ Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacterium (Borrelia Burgdorferi) transmitted by a small tick called Ixodes dammini. The spirochete is probably injected into the victim's skin or bloodstream at the time of the insect bite. After an incubation period of 3 to 32 days, the organism migrates outward in the skin, is spread through the lymphatic system or is disseminated by the blood to different body organs or other skin sites. Lyme Disease was first described in 1909 in European medical journals. The first outbreak in the United States occurred in the early 1970's in Old lyme, Connecticut. An unusually high incidence of juvenile arthritis in the area led scientists to investigate and identify the disorder. In 1981, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer identified the bacterial spirochete organism (Borrelia Burgdorferi) which causes this disorder. Affected Population ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lyme Disease occurs in wooded areas with populations of mice and deer which carry ticks, and can be contracted during any season of the year. Related Disorders ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disorder similar in appearance to